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Changes in gut microbiota and systemic inflammation after synbiotic supplementation in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-60855-6_2 33 KawamuraKChengYKawamuraNTakaeSOkadaAKawagoeYet al

For now, careful optimization and a multimodal approach are recommended to obtain high-quality PDEVs for downstream applications

Caspase-1 also cleaves GSDMD, facilitating pyroptosis and contributing to the release of inflammatory cytokines.131 Patients with AH show increased serum IL-1 levels.132 Experimental studies in alcohol-fed mice also confirm higher hepatic NLRP3, IL-1 and caspase-1 activity.104 Notably, mice deficient in the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway experience reduced liver damage when chronically exposed to ethanol compared with controls.104 IL-1 exacerbates liver injury by promoting immune cell recruitment and impairing liver regeneration in ALD models,103 133 while IL-18 has been associated with increased gut permeability in alcohol-fed mice.134 135 In both mice and patients with AH, GSDMD, a key driver of pyroptosis activated downstream of caspase-11/caspase-4, shows increased activation