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Modication of NDUFS1 by glutathionylation has been re- ported in cardiac, muscle, eye, and liver tissue and it is required to protect complex I from oxidants [ 73 76 ]

On electron microscopy, there are corpuscle-like bodies surrounding small blood vessels or myelinated vessels, composed of lamellar Schwann and perineurial cells with long processes, fine collagen fibers, and basal lamina

In fact, an increase in lipid peroxidation biomarkers like 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) have been found in ASD patients frontal lobe (Liu et al., 2022), potentially impairing key cellular mechanisms like membrane transport and mitochondrial respiration (Arakawa & Ito, 2007)

In contrast, the enzymatic defect in G6PD Mediterranean is due to much greater enzyme instability, and red blood cells of all ages are grossly deficient

Additional characterization of EVs was performed via Cryo-EM and Western blotting